22. Cancer treatment through Immunotherapy

Photo: MedicineNet.com

    Laboratory research into the genetic makeup of cancer tumours is showing the possibility of a new approach to a treatment that delivers potent therapies specifically tailored to individual patients.

    Science Magazine has published an article on the work of an international team of research scientists from Harvard, MIT and University College London. They found that even as cancer tumours grow and spread around the body, they carry with them a number of biological protein “flags” that the immune system could be primed to attack.

    Because these flags are found only on cancer cells, they could provide unique targets for possible new therapies. Such therapies would draw on the power of the immune system to recognise the protein flags and destroy the cancer cells with a precision attack.

    A major obstacle to this type treatment is that tumours manage to switch off the cells of the immune system. Many laboratories across the globe are now learning how to combat this by reactivating the immune system to destroy the cancer.

    I asked Dr. Ian Hampson, Professor  in Viral Oncology at the University of Manchester Institute of Cancer Studies, to comment on such an approach which, if successful, could revolutionise cancer treatment.

Ian MacWatt

Dr. Ian Hampson writes: 

    The problem is that this type of precision attack therapy relies on the isolation of immune cells from every individual patient’s tumour. These are then grown in the laboratory to provide large numbers of cells and they can also even be genetically altered so that they target the tumour more effectively. Finally they are transfused back into the patient where they attack and destroy the cancer.

    To illustrate, it is well known that cells from one person cannot be transfused into another who is not tissue type compatible. This is why immune cells from one patient’s tumour cannot be used to treat another.  In order to get round this problem scientists are working to engineer immune cells which can be used to target tumours in any person regardless of tissue type; a sort of group ‘O’ universal donor immune cell which could then be modified to target many types of tumour in different people.

    This would mean that large stocks of such cells could be produced and stored for use whenever needed to treat different patients, which would vastly reduce the cost of this type of therapy.  

    It is very clear that this approach will provide precision weapons to fight cancer which are far less damaging to the patient than blanket chemotherapy, which not only destroys the cancer cells but can also damage the patient’s immune system.  However, if this new approach sounds expensive, that’s because it is, although there may be some light at the end of this long tunnel.

21. Clinical evidence for cancer prevention through diet

    

     Findings from an Italian study published this month in the American Journal of Nutrition has demonstrated a clear link between the amount of phytochemical-rich polyphenols we eat and mortality from breast, pancreatic, throat, prostate and skin cancers. Phytochemicals are plant compounds, which give vegetables and fruit their pleasing colour, taste and aroma.

     Over 12 years, the joint Italian/Spanish/USA study assessed intake in 807 men and women by measuring their total urinary polyphenol, which could have come from numerous phytochemical-rich polyphenol food sources including tomatoes, tea, broccoli, herbs and spices or even Chianti wine. It showed that those with the highest polyphenol levels had the lowest death rate from cancer and heart disease.

   

Clinical evidence for a dietary benefit after cancer

     Other studies published by the British Journal of Medical Practitioners have shown that the anti-cancer effects of phytochemicals in these polyphenols do not stop after a diagnosis of cancer when combined with other healthy lifestyle habits such as regular exercise.

     Breast cancer survivors eating polyphenol fruit, vegetables, soy and green tea were found to have lower relapse rates.

     Individuals with skin cancer, who had a high intake of leafy green vegetables and broccoli, had lower rates of new cancer formation, while a polyphenol rich diet has been linked to a slower rate of PSA progression among men with indolent prostate cancer.

     A Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study has shown a dramatic drop in relapse and death for breast, chronic leukaemia and prostate cancer sufferers with high intake of polyphenols.  Cancer cells have to go through a series of biochemical pathways in order to grow faster, invade adjacent organs and metastasise.

     Laboratory experiments using cancer and normal cells in petri dishes show that some foods can directly inhibit these pathways.  Polyphenols have a direct Stop Cancer mechanism of action via inflammation cellular modulation and signalling events involved in growth, invasion and metastasis. 

     I strongly recommend reading the BJMP article below. Essential reading, it not only gives a summary of the recent studies but also provides a comprehensive list of phytochemicals with notable food rich sources in a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, pulses and nuts.

Ian MacWatt

Further Reading

British Journal of Medical Practitioners : Phytochemicals in Polyphenols and cancer prevention

Stuart's Kitchen : Recipes for healthy seasonal Mediterranean Diet produce. 

20. Obesity and Cancer: New Moves in UK

 

     Bad diet has recently overtaken smoking as the biggest single cause of the 40% of lifestyle-linked avoidable illness the service treats. Simon Stevens, chief executive of NHS England has said.  He added: “Smoking still kills 80,000-plus people a year, smoking is still a huge problem. But it turns out that diet has edged ahead.”                              

     His comment came as he announced the introduction of a sugar tax on high sugar drinks and snacks sold in hospital cafes and vending machines to help tackle the “national sugar high”. Sugar addiction is increasingly ruining children's and adults'  health through obesity, itself a station on the direct line to a number of cancers.

     Simon Stevens also upped the stakes in TV Chef Jamie Oliver’s campaign to bring in a sugar tax by urging ministers to take radical action against obesity, including forcing food firms to strip sugar out of their products, as part of an unprecedented assault on bad diet.Obesity is known to be associated with increased risks of the following cancer types, and possibly others as well:

• Esophagus (throat)
• Pancreas
• Colon and rectum
• Breast (after menopause)
• Endometrium (lining of the uterus)
• Kidney
• Thyroid
• Gallbladder

     Studies in USA have shown a direct link between obesity and cancer. The percentage of cases attributed to obesity varied widely for different cancer types but was as high as 40 % for some cancers, particularly uterine cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma, (throat cancer to you and me).

     A projection of the future health and economic burden of obesity in 2030 estimated that continuation of existing trends in obesity will lead to about 500,000 additional cases of cancer in the United States by 2030. This analysis also found that if every adult reduced their weight by roughly 1 kg (or 2.2 lbs) for an adult of average weight, this would prevent the increase in the number of cancer cases and actually result in the avoidance of about 100,000 new cases of cancer.

     While these figures relate to US studies, a similar pattern has emerged in the UK. Cancer prevention through appropriate lifestyle and diet choices is always a better, and safer, option than contracting life-threatening cancer, lengthy 'slash, burn and poison'  (invasive surgery, radiography and chemotherapy) treatment and possible cure.

Further Reading
Examiner    Sugar,  Obesity and Cancer Risk
Medical News Today  How quitting sugar impacts onbody weight
Guardian NHS and need for sugar tax